{"id":1099,"date":"2021-11-03T20:40:45","date_gmt":"2021-11-03T20:40:45","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/as.vanderbilt.edu\/biological-sciences\/?page_id=1099"},"modified":"2026-04-02T16:23:46","modified_gmt":"2026-04-02T16:23:46","slug":"bsci-3861-directed-lab-research","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/as.vanderbilt.edu\/biological-sciences\/bsci-3861-directed-lab-research\/","title":{"rendered":"BSCI 3861: Directed Laboratory Research"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><strong id=\"top\">Skip to:<\/strong> <a href=\"#prerequisites\">Prerequisites<\/a> \u00a0<a href=\"#requirements\">Requirements<\/a> \u00a0<a href=\"#research-mentor\">Selection of a Research Mentor<\/a> \u00a0<a href=\"#registration\">Registration<\/a>\u00a0\u00a0<a href=\"#honors\">Honors Research\/Research Report Preparation<\/a><\/p>\n<p>Directed study is defined as the pursuit of a scholarly project conceived by a faculty member. Team work is frequently involved. The student must, however, make a substantial intellectual contribution to the project while being closely supervised by a faculty sponsor. Reading and writing are key elements in directed study (2-4 credit hours, may only be taken once).<\/p>\n<h2>Course Objective<\/h2>\n<p>Typically, 3861 is taken after 3860 (Introduction to Research) during which the student has established themselves with a Faculty Research Mentor as well as obtaining an appropriate background for 3861. The broad objective of BSCI 3861 is to provide the student with an opportunity to participate in original laboratory research including problem definition, experimental design, performance, and interpretation of results. This course attempts to provide experience in all of these areas, culminating in a written presentation in the form of a scientific journal article. The research is performed under the direct supervision of a faculty mentor. It is expected that during the directed research semester the student will make a substantial intellectual contribution to the goals of part of the mentor&#8217;s research program. The mentor will define the initial problem and design the first experiments to be performed by the student. As the semester progresses, it is hoped that the student will begin to develop the necessary skills to define a problem independently and to plan and carry out meaningful experiments. Thus, BSCI 3861 may be the doorway to Independent Research (BSCI 3961) or Honors Research (BSCI 4999).<\/p>\n<h3 id=\"prerequisites\">Prerequisites<\/h3>\n<p>Prerequisite: BSCI 1510 or 1511 or 3860.<\/p>\n<h3 id=\"requirements\">Requirements<\/h3>\n<p>Typically, students must have an overall GPA of 3.0 or better.<\/p>\n\n\n<!-- NEW ACCORDION * AID 1240-->\n\n<div class=\"panel-group VUaccordion_1240\" id=\"accordion\" role=\"tablist\" aria-multiselectable=\"true\">\n\n<!-- NEW PANEL ITEM * ID 6971-->\n\n<div class=\"panel panel-default\"><div class=\"panel-heading\" role=\"tab\" id=\"heading6971\"><h4 class=\"panel-title\"><a name=\"\" role=\"button\" data-toggle=\"collapse\" data-parent=\"#accordion\" href=\"#item6971\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-controls=\"item6971\"><i class='pull-right fa fa-chevron-circle-down' aria-hidden='true'><\/i>Written Proposal<\/a><\/h4><\/div><div id=\"item6971\" class=\"panel-collapse collapse\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"heading6971\"><div class=\"panel-body\"><p>Instructions and the due date for the research proposal will be emailed to you on the first day of class. The proposal should be developed with your mentor and emailed to the course coordinator by the indicated due date.<em>&nbsp;<\/em>Typically, the proposal will be no more than one page and will include the following:<\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>A statement of the problem and its significance<\/li>\r\n\t<li>A general description of the proposed experiments<\/li>\r\n\t<li>A statement about how the experiments may be expected to address the problem<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n\r\n<p><em>The proposal is required, but will not normally affect the student&#39;s grade. However, late proposals and proposals that do not contain the required information in the required format will adversely affect the grade.&nbsp;<\/em><\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n<!-- END PANEL * ID 6971 -->\n\n\n\n<!-- NEW PANEL ITEM * ID 6972-->\n\n<div class=\"panel panel-default\"><div class=\"panel-heading\" role=\"tab\" id=\"heading6972\"><h4 class=\"panel-title\"><a name=\"\" role=\"button\" data-toggle=\"collapse\" data-parent=\"#accordion\" href=\"#item6972\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-controls=\"item6972\"><i class='pull-right fa fa-chevron-circle-down' aria-hidden='true'><\/i>Research Effort<\/a><\/h4><\/div><div id=\"item6972\" class=\"panel-collapse collapse\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"heading6972\"><div class=\"panel-body\"><p>In research, it is difficult (if not impossible) to predict the amount of time and effort required to complete a research project. Unlike didactic laboratory experiments in BSCI 1510 in which specific results are expected, experiments in basic research are often ambiguous and results are sometimes difficult to obtain. For this reason, the effort made by a student to understand the experimental concept and perform the experiments is perhaps more important than the actual results. Consequently, the final grade for the course will depend heavily on the effort made in the laboratory. As a guideline, it is expected that the student work at least 4 hours a week in the lab for every hour of academic credit. For example, 4 credit hours would translate into approximately 16 hours a week of laboratory work.<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n<!-- END PANEL * ID 6972 -->\n\n\n\n<!-- NEW PANEL ITEM * ID 6973-->\n\n<div class=\"panel panel-default\"><div class=\"panel-heading\" role=\"tab\" id=\"heading6973\"><h4 class=\"panel-title\"><a name=\"\" role=\"button\" data-toggle=\"collapse\" data-parent=\"#accordion\" href=\"#item6973\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-controls=\"item6973\"><i class='pull-right fa fa-chevron-circle-down' aria-hidden='true'><\/i>Written Report<\/a><\/h4><\/div><div id=\"item6973\" class=\"panel-collapse collapse\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"heading6973\"><div class=\"panel-body\"><p>This is a 10 to 18 page report on the work accomplished during the semester. One copy should be submitted to the mentor and another to the course coordinator. The report is due at the end of the day on the last day of class for the semester. The report should be written as a scientific journal article detailing original research with a title page; an abstract, and a main body that includes: introduction, materials, methods, results, discussion, and references sections. more information on the format and the content of each section will be distributed at midsemester.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>After a discussion with the mentor concerning an outline and the general content of the paper, the student should independently prepare a rough draft that the student feels is of sufficient quality for the mentor to read. At this point, the mentor and student will continue to refine the manuscript until the mentor is satisfied with the final version. There are two important points to pay attention to, bearing in mind that&nbsp;<em>30% of your final grade is based on the written report:<\/em><\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li>It will not be possible for the mentor and the student to refine the report adequately if the first draft is prepared too close to the deadline.<\/li>\r\n\t<li>A quality first draft will not only speed the process along, but also provide the mentor with a good evaluation of the student&#39;s progress during the semester and result in a higher grade for the student on this section.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n\r\n<h3>&nbsp;<\/h3><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n<!-- END PANEL * ID 6973 -->\n\n\n<\/div><!-- END ACCORDION * AID 6973 -->\n\n\n<p style=\"text-align: right\"><a href=\"#top\">Back to Top<\/a><\/p>\n<h3 id=\"research-mentor\">Selection of a Research Mentor<\/h3>\n<p>Choosing a research mentor is an important decision that should be primarily driven by the student\u2019s interest in the faculty research project. The process can be taken in consultation with the Faculty Advisor, often begins with a careful survey of faculty research interests that are embedded within Vanderbilt University of Vanderbilt University Medical Center departmental and\/or programmatic web pages. For example, BSCI faculty interests\u2019 range across an array of disciplines, including biochemistry;\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/nam04.safelinks.protection.outlook.com\/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fas.vanderbilt.edu%2Fbiological-sciences%2Fpeople%2F%3Fgroup%3Dmolecular-cellular-biology&amp;data=05%7C01%7Cdallas.albright%40Vanderbilt.Edu%7C92f5805842944fcc437208db2ee5ce9e%7Cba5a7f39e3be4ab3b45067fa80faecad%7C0%7C0%7C638155336766934856%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0%3D%7C3000%7C%7C%7C&amp;sdata=ij%2Fne7FfjFUP4XDp%2Bz4m1%2BJUX4XaSaJhM74uI09IaSs%3D&amp;reserved=0\">molecular and cellular biology<\/a>;\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/nam04.safelinks.protection.outlook.com\/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fas.vanderbilt.edu%2Fbiological-sciences%2Fpeople%2F%3Fgroup%3Dneuroscience&amp;data=05%7C01%7Cdallas.albright%40Vanderbilt.Edu%7C92f5805842944fcc437208db2ee5ce9e%7Cba5a7f39e3be4ab3b45067fa80faecad%7C0%7C0%7C638155336766934856%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0%3D%7C3000%7C%7C%7C&amp;sdata=RObi%2F9Psacp%2FKMDH3fBu4%2BS8mb6ie2qNM95ZAlxz1mE%3D&amp;reserved=0\">neuroscience<\/a>; evolution; genomics; microbiology;\u00a0and\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/nam04.safelinks.protection.outlook.com\/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fas.vanderbilt.edu%2Fbiological-sciences%2Fpeople%2F%3Fgroup%3Decology-evolution-organismal-biology&amp;data=05%7C01%7Cdallas.albright%40Vanderbilt.Edu%7C92f5805842944fcc437208db2ee5ce9e%7Cba5a7f39e3be4ab3b45067fa80faecad%7C0%7C0%7C638155336766934856%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0%3D%7C3000%7C%7C%7C&amp;sdata=LSIJ1m%2BpBlVHuIaDcsvsG9YMAPkPi9oIzW2rGDASm%2BQ%3D&amp;reserved=0\">ecology, evolution, and organismal biology<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>Once students identify research projects that appeal to them, they should reach out to those faculty members (typically via email) introducing themselves and expressing an interest in exploring undergraduate research in their laboratories.\u00a0 This will allow faculty to assess whether or not they can take on new students at that time as well as potentially present the research projects currently underway in their laboratories.\u00a0<u>Applications for BSCI 3861 can only be completed after the student and faculty member mutually agree to proceed forward<\/u>.<\/p>\n<p>Faculty from departments other than biological sciences are eligible to serve as research mentors only if they play an active role in teaching of BSCI majors or if they agree to serve along with a co-mentor from the biological sciences faculty. Research proposals are subject to approval by the research course coordinator and will typically address fundamental questions in biological sciences using experimental and\/or theoretical\/computational approaches.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: right\"><a href=\"#top\">Back to Top<\/a><\/p>\n<h3 id=\"registration\">Registration<\/h3>\n<ol>\n<li>Read the course requirements (above).<\/li>\n<li>Select a research mentor. Note: if your research mentor is not a part of the faculty of Biological Sciences (BSCI), then you must find a co-mentor who is a part of the BSCI faculty. Both the mentor and co-mentor will sign the application form.<\/li>\n<li>The <a href=\"https:\/\/redcap.vanderbilt.edu\/surveys\/?s=MWNXHMHXEW4AY87M\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">application form<\/a> is open for summer and fall 2026 registration. The deadline for summer registration is <strong><span style=\"color: #ff0000\">May 3 and the deadline for fall registration is September 2<\/span>.\u00a0<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px\">Please note: your application must be complete with all information including your research project title. Also, please make sure that your research hours fit into the total of 18 possible hours that you are allowed to have each semester. Attempting to register for a number that would put you over 18 will delay the registration process.<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px\">You will be notified when you have been registered. Students are responsible for verifying enrollment in YES prior to the drop\/add deadline. After you submit the form, it is helpful to confirm with your mentor and co-mentor that they received and submitted the RedCap form.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: right\"><a href=\"#top\">Back to Top<\/a><\/p>\n<h3 id=\"honors\">Honors Thesis and Research Report Preparation<\/h3>\n<p>Unless stated otherwise the following points apply to all honors theses as well as 3861 and 3961 research reports.<\/p>\n\n\n<!-- NEW ACCORDION * AID 1242-->\n\n<div class=\"panel-group VUaccordion_1242\" id=\"accordion\" role=\"tablist\" aria-multiselectable=\"true\">\n\n<!-- NEW PANEL ITEM * ID 6975-->\n\n<div class=\"panel panel-default\"><div class=\"panel-heading\" role=\"tab\" id=\"heading6975\"><h4 class=\"panel-title\"><a name=\"\" role=\"button\" data-toggle=\"collapse\" data-parent=\"#accordion\" href=\"#item6975\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-controls=\"item6975\"><i class='pull-right fa fa-chevron-circle-down' aria-hidden='true'><\/i>Criteria<\/a><\/h4><\/div><div id=\"item6975\" class=\"panel-collapse collapse\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"heading6975\"><div class=\"panel-body\"><p><em>Title page:<\/em>&nbsp;this should include the project title, student&#39;s name, &quot;Honors Thesis&quot; or &quot;Research Report&quot;, the month and year, department and university names, and the name of the research advisor. The research advisor is a faculty member; if some other member of the laboratory, such as a research associate, was the effective advisor, he or she should be thanked in an &#39;Acknowledgements&#39; section, but should not appear on the title page. Example:<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p><strong>&nbsp; &nbsp; The Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectra of Polypeptides in the Helical Configuration<\/strong><\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Jane Smith<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Honors Thesis<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p><br \/>\r\n&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;Department of Biological Sciences<br \/>\r\n&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;Vanderbilt University<br \/>\r\n&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;April, 2021<br \/>\r\n&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;Research Advisor: Dr. Mary Jones<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p><br \/>\r\n<br \/>\r\n<em>Acknowledgements:<\/em>&nbsp;these are not required but are often included; they are a nice idea. If included in a thesis, they should be on a page of their own after the abstract and before the table of contents. In research reports for 3861 and 3961, they should be at the end of the main text before the reference list. Keep them brief and to the point; this gives them more impact. Note that if Mary Jones has a doctorate, she may be referred to as Dr. Mary Jones or as Mary Jones, Ph.D. (or M.D. or D.Phil.), but not as Dr. Mary Jones, Ph.D. Informal acknowledgements (ex. &quot;I would like to thank Mary for...&quot;) are also acceptable if you feel they are appropriate.<br \/>\r\n<br \/>\r\n<em>Abstract and Table of Contents: <\/em>are&nbsp;required for theses (abstract must not exceed 100 words) but are not required for 3861 and 3961 research reports.<br \/>\r\n<br \/>\r\n<em>Introduction: <\/em>an introduction should always include the following three elements.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<ol>\r\n\t<li>A general overview of the system or topic under study in terms that are understandable to a well-read scientist in a field outside of the thesis<\/li>\r\n\t<li>Background to the work described in the thesis or report, including its significance; the reader is assumed to be from outside the field<\/li>\r\n\t<li>A very brief summary of the work described in the thesis or report<\/li>\r\n<\/ol>\r\n\r\n<p>A summary of previous work on this project by the student (directed or independent research) and if relevant, work done by others in the same laboratory should also be included in the introduction. Details are not required.<br \/>\r\n<br \/>\r\n<em>Page numbering:<\/em>&nbsp;The title page should not be numbered, and the next page (abstract) should be page 2. Ideally, numbers should be centered at the bottom of each page. These are recommendations not requirements, because I do not want students to waste valuable time trying to change the numbering convention in their word processing programs. The only numbering requirement is that all pages must be numbered.<br \/>\r\n<br \/>\r\n<em>Fonts and formats:&nbsp;<\/em>Use a 12 point serif font such as Times New Roman, Times, New Century Schoolbook, or New York. Times New Roman gives an excellent density of characters on the page. Sans-serif fonts such as Ariel and Helvetica are effective as labels (not as captions) in figures, but these fonts are difficult to read in the body of the text. If you vary fonts and styles, do so extremely sparingly (but note that italics should be used under certain circumstances, see below). Do not divide ordinary text pages into columns. Use an inch margin on all sides.<br \/>\r\n<br \/>\r\nText, including &#39;materials&#39; and &#39;methods&#39; sections, should be double-spaced. Figure captions and reference lists may be single spaced.<br \/>\r\n<br \/>\r\n<em>Figures and Tables:&nbsp;<\/em>should be numbered and inserted into the text with their captions. A figure should appear as soon as possible after the first reference to it. They should not be grouped at the end of chapters or at the end of the thesis or report. They may be incorporated in the text pages or on separate pages. If space allows, each caption should be on the same page as the corresponding figure or table.<br \/>\r\n<br \/>\r\nIf a figure or table is taken from another person&#39;s work, it should be acknowledged as the last sentence in the figure caption: &quot;From Smith &amp; Jones, 1998&quot; or &quot;Courtesy of Mary Wang&quot;.<br \/>\r\n<br \/>\r\n<em>Period covered by the report:<\/em>&nbsp;for theses, describe the whole honors project, not just the last semester. If you began the project before your senior year, you should very briefly note in your introduction how far the project had progressed when you began your formal honors work. Although you are not normally expected to describe the details of your earlier work, you should not assume that your readers are familiar with those details. If the reader needs to know about the previous work in order to understand the honors part of the project, a brief explanation is appropriate. In research reports for 3861 or 3961, in which the work is a continuation of earlier research, summarize the earlier work in the introduction.<br \/>\r\n<br \/>\r\nReferences should be given in the text by author (use the form &quot;et al.&quot; for references with more than two authors) and listed alphabetically at the end of the thesis in the style of <em>Journal of Molecular Biology, Journal of Cell Biology, Evolution,<\/em> or similar. The reference list should include all authors (unless there are more than 20, in which case you may use et al. after the first author, even in the reference list), titles, and beginning and ending page numbers.<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n<!-- END PANEL * ID 6975 -->\n\n\n\n<!-- NEW PANEL ITEM * ID 6976-->\n\n<div class=\"panel panel-default\"><div class=\"panel-heading\" role=\"tab\" id=\"heading6976\"><h4 class=\"panel-title\"><a name=\"\" role=\"button\" data-toggle=\"collapse\" data-parent=\"#accordion\" href=\"#item6976\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-controls=\"item6976\"><i class='pull-right fa fa-chevron-circle-down' aria-hidden='true'><\/i>Common Errors<\/a><\/h4><\/div><div id=\"item6976\" class=\"panel-collapse collapse\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"heading6976\"><div class=\"panel-body\"><p>The phrase&nbsp;<em>&quot;et al.&quot;<\/em>&nbsp;as in &quot;followed the procedure described by Smith&nbsp;<em>et al.<\/em>(1989)&quot; is not normally followed by a comma, and has a period after al, but not after et. The comma is, however, used in the form &quot;followed an established procedure (Smith&nbsp;<em>et al.<\/em>, 1989)&quot;, when the whole reference is in parentheses. Like all non-English words inserted into an English sentence, the words should be in italics, or underlined. (Underlining is a recognized equivalent of italics.)<br \/>\r\n<br \/>\r\nThe phrase &quot;Smith et al. (1989)&quot; refers to the people, not the paper. The paper has its own title, not usually quoted in the body of the text. For this reason, it is correct to say &quot;was described by Smith et al. (1989)&quot;, but not &quot;was described in Smith et al. (1989)&quot;. Perhaps an exception might occur if Smith et al. were forced to eat their words.<br \/>\r\n<br \/>\r\nEt al. is not normally used without a year. &quot;Smith et al. (1989) showed ...&quot; is correct. &quot;Smith et al. showed ... (1989)&quot; is not. &quot;Smith et al. also found ...&quot; is incorrect; it should be replaced either by &quot;Smith et al. (1989) also found ...&quot; or &quot;Smith and his colleagues also found ...&quot;. Beware of this last construction; it is very easy to ascribe the leadership of a group to the wrong person this way!<br \/>\r\n<br \/>\r\nNote the different meanings of &quot;affect&quot; and &quot;effect&quot;.<br \/>\r\n<br \/>\r\nThe word &quot;data&quot; is plural. The singular (almost never required) is &quot;datum&quot;. Refer, for example, to &quot;these data&quot;, not &quot;this data&quot;. The same applies to &quot;media&quot; and &quot;criteria&quot;, but in these two cases, the singular forms (&quot;medium&quot; and &quot;criterion&quot;) are often required.<br \/>\r\n<br \/>\r\nDo not use apparently technical terms where plain English is clear and unambiguous. For example, &quot;determined&nbsp;<em>via<\/em>&nbsp;SDS-PAGE&quot; should not be used; &quot;determined by SDS-PAGE&quot; is clearer and therefore better. The reader should not have to pause unnecessarily, even for a fraction of a second, to wonder what you are talking about. The reader should&nbsp;<strong>never<\/strong>&nbsp;be expected to pause to admire your command of jargon, Latin, or other superfluous forms of language. Latin words and phrases are often very useful (see&nbsp;<em>&quot;et al.&quot;<\/em>, above), but should not be used when they do not improve precision or clarity. If jargon is really necessary (which I doubt), its meaning should be defined at its first appearance.<br \/>\r\n<br \/>\r\nAvoid ambiguities. For example, &quot;was dialyzed against three changes of phosphate buffer; pH 7.0, etc., etc., for 1 day.&quot; What is a &quot;change&quot;? Was the solution dialyzed three times against a given volume of buffer, or was the buffer actually changed three times (for a total of four volumes)?&nbsp;Was it dialyzed for 1 day total or for three (or four!) days total?<br \/>\r\n<br \/>\r\nDistinguish between primes (as in 5&#39;) and single quotes (apostrophes). Most word processing applications automatically change primes to quotes (&quot;smart quotes&quot;, but not smart enough!), but this change can be undone.<br \/>\r\n<br \/>\r\nThe letter &quot;u&quot; is not an abbreviation for &quot;micro&quot; (as in &quot;um&quot; or &quot;ul&quot;). This is a leftover convention from the days before computers, when Greek letters were difficult to print. Use the Greek letter mu (&micro;) as in &quot;&micro;m&quot; or &quot;&micro;l&quot;.<br \/>\r\n<br \/>\r\nResults: these are often contained in figures; remember, figures are often highly technical. Results should be clearly stated in the text (if appropriate, including a reference to figures or tables) and easy for the cursory reader to find.<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n<!-- END PANEL * ID 6976 -->\n\n\n<\/div><!-- END ACCORDION * AID 6976 -->\n\n\n<p style=\"text-align: right\"><a href=\"#top\">Back to Top<\/a><\/p>\n<h3>Grading<\/h3>\n<p>The course coordinator and the research mentor will determine a student&#8217;s final grade in the course based on two elements: research (70%); this portion of the grade will be determined by the research mentor and will reflect the performance of the student during the semester, as discussed above, and written report (30%); the latter portion of the final grade will be given by the course coordinator.<\/p>\n\n\n<!-- NEW ACCORDION * AID 1243-->\n\n<div class=\"panel-group VUaccordion_1243\" id=\"accordion\" role=\"tablist\" aria-multiselectable=\"true\">\n\n<!-- NEW PANEL ITEM * ID 6977-->\n\n<div class=\"panel panel-default\"><div class=\"panel-heading\" role=\"tab\" id=\"heading6977\"><h4 class=\"panel-title\"><a name=\"\" role=\"button\" data-toggle=\"collapse\" data-parent=\"#accordion\" href=\"#item6977\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-controls=\"item6977\"><i class='pull-right fa fa-chevron-circle-down' aria-hidden='true'><\/i>Expectations and Guidelines<\/a><\/h4><\/div><div id=\"item6977\" class=\"panel-collapse collapse\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"heading6977\"><div class=\"panel-body\"><h3><strong>Laboratory<\/strong><\/h3>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li><strong><em>Effort:<\/em>&nbsp;<\/strong>includes but is not a strict measure of hours: we expect at least 4 hours a week on research for each hour of credit; keep in mind, effort is more than just hours.<\/li>\r\n\t<li><strong><em>Engagement:<\/em>&nbsp;<\/strong>this is where we distinguish between the student who really lives the research project and the one who simply does the work.<\/li>\r\n\t<li><strong><em>Originality:<\/em>&nbsp;<\/strong>at an appropriate level for the research (directed, independent or honors). Does the student have ideas? Are they any good?<\/li>\r\n\t<li><strong><em>Initiative and follow-through:<\/em>&nbsp;<\/strong>does the student pursue ideas and suggestions? Do they follow through with them? Do they persist when difficulties arise?<\/li>\r\n\t<li><strong><em>Problem-solving:<\/em>&nbsp;<\/strong>includes both solving problems that arise when things go wrong and interpreting positive and\/or negative results.<\/li>\r\n\t<li><strong><em>Technical competence:<\/em>&nbsp;<\/strong>this includes everything from tidiness and physical lab organization to mastery of sophisticated equipment.<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n\r\n<p>There will be a slight element of overlap which does not matter. For example, persistence is an element of both effort and follow-through, and originality will correlate with engagement.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>Success in obtaining results <em>may<\/em> be reflected in grades for the various components of the laboratory grade, but is not in itself an element of the grade. Although unlikely, a grade of &quot;A&quot; is possible even with no results.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<h3><strong>Paper and Presentation<\/strong><\/h3>\r\n\r\n<p>Recall that the paper should be written as if it is a journal article presenting original research.&nbsp;<\/p>\r\n\r\n<ul>\r\n\t<li><strong><em>Clarity, organization. and presentation:<\/em>&nbsp;<\/strong>includes conforming to length (time), style, layout guidelines, and general presentation quality. This is not intended to judge the degree of computer sophistication or resources.<\/li>\r\n\t<li><strong><em>Adequate background and literature review:<\/em>&nbsp;<\/strong>did the student give the readers\/listeners a sound introduction to the area of research and demonstrate how past work has led to the problem which they are addresing?<\/li>\r\n\t<li><strong><em>Scientific understanding:<\/em>&nbsp;<\/strong>did the student understand the field and the work?<\/li>\r\n\t<li><strong><em>Figures and Tables (visuals):<\/em>&nbsp;<\/strong>were they appropriate and adequate, and including legends?<\/li>\r\n<\/ul>\r\n\r\n<p>Exceeding the allowed length\/time affects the first point. Insufficient length\/time may affect any of the four areas, or in the case of an unusually lucid and concise student, may not affect any.<\/p>\r\n\r\n<p>Grading for the paper and presentation does not directly consider volume of work completed or results obtained; these things are considered in the laboratory part of the grade. However, good papers and presentations are much more likely after a good semester of research.<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n<!-- END PANEL * ID 6977 -->\n\n\n<\/div><!-- END ACCORDION * AID 6977 -->\n\n\n<p style=\"text-align: right\"><a href=\"#top\">Back to Top<\/a><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Skip to: Prerequisites \u00a0Requirements \u00a0Selection of a Research Mentor \u00a0Registration\u00a0\u00a0Honors Research\/Research Report Preparation Directed study is defined as the pursuit of a scholarly project conceived by a faculty member. Team work is frequently involved. The student must, however, make a substantial intellectual contribution to the project while being closely supervised by a faculty sponsor. Reading&#8230;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":35,"featured_media":1507,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"page-headline-img.php","meta":[],"tags":[],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/as.vanderbilt.edu\/biological-sciences\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1099"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/as.vanderbilt.edu\/biological-sciences\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/as.vanderbilt.edu\/biological-sciences\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/as.vanderbilt.edu\/biological-sciences\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/35"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/as.vanderbilt.edu\/biological-sciences\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1099"}],"version-history":[{"count":42,"href":"https:\/\/as.vanderbilt.edu\/biological-sciences\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1099\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":3505,"href":"https:\/\/as.vanderbilt.edu\/biological-sciences\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/1099\/revisions\/3505"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/as.vanderbilt.edu\/biological-sciences\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/1507"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/as.vanderbilt.edu\/biological-sciences\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1099"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/as.vanderbilt.edu\/biological-sciences\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1099"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}